Creating an effective heating system for large buildings differs significantly from similar autonomous schemes of cottages. The difference lies in the complexity of the distribution and control of coolant parameters. Therefore, you should responsibly choose the heating system of buildings: types, types, calculations, surveys. All these nuances are taken into account at the design stage of the structure.
Heating requirements for residential and office buildings
It should be noted right away that the heating project for the administrative building should be carried out by the appropriate office. Specialists evaluate the parameters of the future building and, according to the requirements of regulatory documents, choose the optimal heat supply scheme.
Regardless of the selected types of building heating systems, stringent requirements are imposed on them. They are based on ensuring the safe functioning of the heat supply, as well as the efficiency of the system:
- Sanitary. These include a uniform temperature distribution in all areas of the house. For this, preliminary calculation of heat for heating the building;
- Construction. The operation of heating devices should not deteriorate due to the peculiarities of the structural elements of the building both inside and outside it;
- Mounting. When choosing the technological schemes of the installation, it is recommended to choose unified units that can be quickly replaced with similar ones in case of failure;
- Operational. Maximum automation of heat supply. This is the primary task along with the thermotechnical calculation of building heating.
In practice, proven design schemes are used, the choice of which depends on the type of heating. This is a determining factor for all subsequent stages of the arrangement of heating of an administrative or residential building.
When commissioning a new house, residents have the right to demand a copy of all technical documentation, including the heating system.
Types of building heating systems
How to choose the right type of heat supply for a building? First of all, the type of energy carrier is taken into account. Based on this, you can plan the next stages of design.
There are certain types of building heating systems that differ in both the principle of operation and operational qualities. The most common is water heating, as it has unique qualities and can be relatively easily adapted to any type of building. After calculating the amount of heat for heating the building, you can select the following types of heat supply:
- Standalone water. It is characterized by a large inertia of air heating. However, along with this, it is the most popular type of building heating systems because of the wide variety of components and low maintenance costs;
- Central water. In this case, water is the optimal type of coolant for its transportation over long distances - from the boiler room to consumers;
- Aerial. Recently, it has been used as a general climate control system in homes. It is one of the most expensive, which affects the examination of the heating system of the building;
- Electric. Despite the small costs of the initial purchase of equipment, electric heating is the most expensive to maintain.In the case of its installation, the calculation of heating according to the volume of the building should be performed as accurately as possible in order to reduce the planned costs.
What is recommended to choose as a heat supply at home - electric, water or air heating? First of all, you need to calculate the heat energy for heating the building and other types of design work. Based on the data obtained, the optimal heating scheme is selected.
For a private house, the best way to heat supply is to install gas equipment in conjunction with a water heating system.
Types of calculation of heat supply to buildings
At the first stage, it is necessary to calculate the thermal energy for heating the building. The essence of these calculations is to determine the heat loss of the house, the selection of equipment power and the thermal operating mode of the heating.
For the correct execution of these calculations, you should know the parameters of the building, take into account the climatic features of the region. Before the advent of specialized software systems, all calculations of the amount of heat for heating a building were carried out manually. At the same time, the probability of error was high. Now, using modern calculation methods, you can get the following characteristics for designing a heating project for an office building:
- The optimal load on heat supply, depending on external factors - outdoor temperature and the required degree of air heating in each room of the house;
- The correct selection of components for heating equipment, minimizing the cost of its acquisition;
- Opportunity to carry out heat supply renewal in future Reconstruction of the building heating system is carried out only after the coordination of the old and new schemes.
When making a heating project for an office or residential building, you need to be guided by a specific calculation algorithm.
The characteristics of the heat supply system must comply with current regulatory documents. Their list can be taken at the state architectural organization.
Calculation of heat loss of buildings
The defining indicator of the heating system is the optimal amount of generated energy. It is determined by the heat loss in the building. Those. in fact, the work of heat supply is designed to compensate for this phenomenon and maintain the temperature at a comfortable level.
For the correct calculation of heat for heating a building, you need to know the material of the manufacture of external walls. It is through them that most of the losses occur. The main characteristic is the thermal conductivity coefficient of building materials - the amount of energy passing through 1 m² of wall.
The technology for calculating thermal energy for heating a building consists of the following steps:
- Determination of the material of manufacture and the coefficient of thermal conductivity.
- Knowing the wall thickness, heat transfer resistance can be calculated. This is the reciprocal of thermal conductivity.
- Then several heating modes are selected. This is the difference between the temperature in the supply and return pipes.
- Dividing the resulting value by the heat transfer resistance we get the heat loss per 1 m² of wall.
For this technique, you need to know that the wall consists not only of brick or reinforced concrete blocks. When calculating the capacity of a heating boiler and the heat loss of a building, thermal insulation and other materials must be taken into account. The total resistance coefficient of the TV wall transmission should not be less than normalized.
Only after this can we begin to calculate the power of heating devices.
For all data obtained for calculating heating by building volume, it is recommended to add a correction factor of 1.1.
Calculation of capacity of equipment for heating buildings
To calculate the optimal heat supply capacity, one should begin to determine its type. Most often, difficulties arise in the calculation of water heating. For the correct calculation of the power of the heating boiler and heat loss in the house, not only its area, but also the volume is taken into account.
The simplest option is to accept the ratio that 41 watts of energy will be required to heat 1 m³ of room. However, such a calculation of the amount of heat for heating a building will not be entirely correct. It does not take into account heat losses, as well as climatic features of a particular region. Therefore, it is best to use the technique described above.
To calculate the heat supply by the volume of the building, it is important to know the rated power of the boiler. To do this, you need to know the following formula:
W = S * K
Where W - boiler powerS - area of the house,TO - correction factor.
The latter is a reference value and depends on the region of residence. Data about it can be taken from the table.
| Climate zone | Correction factor |
| central part | 0.1 to 0.15 |
| Northern regions | 0.15 to 0.2 |
| Southern part of Russia | 0.07 to 0.1 |
This technology allows you to perform accurate thermotechnical calculation of building heating. At the same time, the heat supply capacity is checked against heat losses in the building. In addition, the purpose of the premises is taken into account. For living rooms, the temperature level should be from + 18 ° C to + 22 ° C. The minimum level of heating of platforms and household rooms is + 16 ° C.
The choice of heating operation mode is practically independent of these parameters. It will determine the future load on the system depending on weather conditions. For apartment buildings, the calculation of thermal energy for heating is done taking into account all the nuances and in accordance with regulatory technology. In autonomous heat supply, such actions do not need to be performed. It is important that the total heat energy compensates for all heat losses in the house.
To reduce the cost of autonomous heating, it is recommended to use a low temperature mode when calculating the volume of the building. But then you should increase the total area of radiators in order to increase thermal efficiency.
Building heating system maintenance
After the correct heat engineering calculation of the heat supply of the building, you must know the mandatory list of regulatory documents for its maintenance. This is necessary to know for timely monitoring of the system, as well as minimizing the occurrence of emergency situations.
The inspection certificate for the heating system of the building is drawn up only by representatives of the responsible company. At the same time, the specifics of heat supply, its type and current state are taken into account. During the inspection of the heating system of the building, the following paragraphs of the document should be filled out:
- The location of the house, its exact address.
- Link to the heat supply agreement.
- The number and location of heat supply devices - radiators and batteries.
- Measurement of room temperature.
- The rate of change of load depending on current weather conditions.
To initiate a survey of the heating system at home, you must submit an application to the management company. It necessarily indicates the reason - poor heat supply, an emergency or a mismatch of the current system parameters with the norms.
According to current standards, during an accident, representatives of the management company must eliminate its consequences within a maximum of 6 hours. Also, after this, a document is prepared on the damage caused to the apartment owners due to the accident. If the cause is an unsatisfactory condition - the Criminal Code must at its own expense restore the apartment or pay compensation.
Often during the reconstruction of a building’s heating system, it is necessary to replace some of its elements with more modern ones.Costs are determined by the fact - on whose balance is the heating system. The management company should deal with the restoration of pipelines and other components not located in the apartments.
If the owner of the room wanted to change the old cast-iron batteries to modern ones, the following actions should be taken:
- A statement is drawn up in the management company, which indicates the plan of the apartment and the characteristics of future heating appliances.
- After 6 days, the UK is required to provide technical specifications.
- According to them, the selection of equipment is carried out.
- Installation is carried out by the owner of the apartment. But at the same time, representatives of the Criminal Code should be present.
For autonomous heating of a private house, you do not need to do this. Responsibilities for the arrangement and maintenance of heating at the proper level fully relate to the owner of the house. Exceptions are technical projects for electric and gas heating of premises. For them, it is necessary to obtain the consent of the Criminal Code, as well as select and install equipment in accordance with the terms of reference.
The video material describes the features of radiator heating:
