To create a pleasant microclimate in the house, ventilation must be provided. Especially its presence is relevant in rooms with high humidity:
- kitchen;
- bathroom;
- basement.
This condition also applies to dressing rooms and pantries in those rooms where access to fresh air is limited.
It is advisable to lay the airflow circulation system at the design stage, then there will be no problems with its installation.
But in most cases, the installation of ventilation is carried out in an already finished building.
The ventilation scheme in a private house depends on several parameters. This includes the view, basic requirements and design features. Consider all the indicators required for optimal selection.
Types of ventilation systems
Ventilation in a private house is classified by the method of air movement. There are three main types:
- natural;
- forced;
- mixed.
Each species has its advantages and disadvantages. First of all, the type of ventilation system is determined. To do this, consider all the parameters.
Right choice
How to make ventilation? If you are just planning, building a house will definitely determine the state of the environment. A polluted atmosphere is bad for a favorable microclimate in your home. In such cases, it is worth making ventilation with additional purification filters and special equipment in the system. Passing through them, the air can not only be cleaned, but also cooled.
The following important factors when choosing ventilation is the material from which the house is built. In recent years, modern building blocks and wall insulation are mainly used for construction. Their introduction into the construction process determines the presence of special mixed ventilation devices.
Natural ventilation
The device of this type of system is not very effective. Natural ventilation of a private house can justify itself only when the walls and roof are made only of natural materials.
The movement of air through the ducts of the system is provided due to the temperature difference.
In the summer, the ventilation efficiency drops to zero, and the supply ventilation in a private house ceases to function.
Also, air movement is limited due to throughput. The design of plastic windows installed in most residential premises blocks the passage of air flows through them.
A ventilation device of this kind justifies itself only if the house is located in an area with clean air. But, despite this, its use is due to a number of advantages:
- low cost in comparison with two other types;
- maintaining optimal room humidity;
- the ability to regulate the thermal regime in the house due to proper design;
- inflow of clean air from the outside;
- simple installation.
There are two ways to perform natural ventilation:
- laying vertical channels in every room where ventilation of a private house is necessary;
- the construction of a central shaft to which air ducts from each room join.
The second method requires preliminary bookmarking in the project. To implement the second method, significant redevelopment and reconstruction of the house will be required.
Forced system
It is advisable in cases where natural circulation is powerless.You can’t do without using such a system in houses made of modern materials:
- polystyrene foam boards;
- sandwich panels;
- insulation of external walls with polyurethane foam or other synthetic raw materials.
In conditions of polluted air, the system should include not only fans, but also cleaning filters.
Calculation of fan parameters
When choosing a device, it is necessary to calculate the main indicator - power. The correct indicator will ensure sufficient circulation of air flows through channels and shafts.
Power is calculated by the formula:
P = V * κ,
where V is the volume of the room, κ is the coefficient.
The fan can be started manually or automatically. The second option has a more complex device. For these purposes, special humidity sensors equipped with a timer are built into the chain.
The value of the coefficient depends on the purpose of the room. Main characteristics:
- kitchen - 15;
- bathroom - 20;
- toilet - 8.
Mixed type
In this case, the combination of natural and mechanical air circulation is performed. There are two ways to combine:
- embedding in the ducts a natural fan system in the required places;
- installation of a separate channel of mechanical ventilation.
The advantage of this combination is that unpleasant odors do not penetrate into living rooms. But for this it is necessary to install inlet doors in the door through which air will circulate.
Design features
Depending on the purpose of the room, various ventilation configurations are used.
- kitchen. With an area of more than 5 m², two air channels must be equipped. The first is for general use, and the second is with a lead over the hob equipped with a fan;
- bathroom. In rooms with high humidity, mechanical ventilation is required. When choosing a fan, stop on more powerful models;
- basement. The best option would be to use two channels for air inlet and outlet. The low basement temperature favors the accumulation of large amounts of moisture. And in the basement, which stores supplies for the winter, it is preferable to have dry air.
Do not do without installing air circulation equipment in a boiler room or a room with a fireplace. In addition to the natural movement of air, the presence of exhaust ducts equipped with fans is mandatory. Installation of special circulation devices provides additional traction, which will prevent smoke in the room.
Ventilation calculation
In order to choose the size of the section and specialized equipment, it is necessary to know certain indicators. The calculation is carried out in two stages:
- determination by multiplicity;
- cross section selection.
To calculate the parameters of the duct, you need to calculate the area of the room in which the ventilation will be installed. Of primary importance is also the speed of air flow. Knowing these parameters, you can begin to perform the calculation.
Determination of the multiplicity of the room
To do this, you need to know the air flow. The multiplicity value determines how many times in one hour the air in the room is updated. For rooms with high humidity, the indicator will be significantly higher than for rooms and bedrooms. It is calculated by the formula:
Lв = Vп. * k,
where Vp. - total volume, k - multiplicity.
The value of k determines the type of room, you can find its value in the table.
| Type of premises | Estimated air temperature, ° C | Air exchange rate m³ / h |
| Individual toilet | 18 | 25 |
| Combined bathroom | 25 | 50 |
| Private bathroom | 25 | 25 |
| Living room | 18-20 | 3 |
| Wardrobe | 18 | 1,5 |
| Kitchen | 18 | 25 |
Example: calculate the air flow for a kitchen with an area of 6m³. The multiplicity according to the table is 25. This means that within an hour the volume of the room must be filled with clean air 25 times.
Lв = Vп. * k = 6 * 25 = 150 m³ / h
Air duct cross section selection
To do this, use the special schedule shown in the figure.
How to calculate the value of the required flow rate, we determined in the previous paragraph. As for air speed, it will depend on the type of ventilation selected:
- natural circulation - less than 1 m / hour;
- main channel of forced construction - not more than 5m / s;
- branches - up to 3 m / h.
The selected parameters determine the size of the section. The indicator will be relevant if you plan to install one channel. In other embodiments, the total air volume must be divided by the total number of taps.
Design requirements
To properly install the ventilation equipment, you must adhere to certain requirements:
- the air circulation scheme should cover all rooms;
- air outlets should be raised above the roof level;
- the organization of the movement of flows should be aimed at moving air from residential to rooms with the greatest pollution (kitchen, bathroom).
Arrangement of valves
For a properly organized air flow, inlet installation valves must be provided during installation. Clean air will pass through them through the wall. The design is a pipe, which is closed on both sides by protective grilles. It can be of different sections:
- round;
- square;
- oval.
Mandatory presence of valves in the kitchen, in the bathroom, boiler room and basement. In the remaining rooms of the pipe are installed as necessary. Installation is carried out anywhere. But if possible, choose a placement above the radiator. In winter, the cold air passing through it will warm up due to the warm currents.
