In a suburban area remotely located from the central water supply, the only way to ensure an uninterrupted supply of clean, usable water is to construct an autonomous water intake point — a well and a well. The choice of drilling method depends on the depth of the aquifer, as well as the geological features of the area.
The specifics of manual drilling
Drilling wells without running into a section of special equipment can be carried out in the only case - if it was decided to work manually. The manual method can significantly save the family budget, but you will have to make a lot of physical effort. It is used in the construction of the source with a depth of not more than 25 meters, self-drilling is carried out until the drill reaches the aquifer.
To drill the source yourself, you will need the following working equipment:
- a set of drill heads, for example, chisels, coils, a drill spoon and a drill bit;
- to work at great depths, an additional drill tower is required;
- rods;
- casing;
- electric hoist or winch.
Tunneling is carried out according to the following technology:
- First you need to dig a small hole, a depth of not more than 40-50 cm. A drill will be placed in it.
- One person carefully begins to rotate the drill (it is important that he plunges into the soil almost vertically). As the drill deepens into the ground, one person will rotate it, then two, etc.
- So that the mud does not cover the entire head of the rig, the drill is removed from the soil every 50-70 cm and cleaned.
- If you have to work with hard soil types, the hole must be abundantly filled with water.
As soon as the inside of the source starts to fill up with water, drilling stops. The next step is to pump out dirty water with a lot of impurities. To do this, use a surface or submersible pump.
The manual method has many advantages. The main ones are low-cost production, a uniform structure of the trunk along its entire length. Of the shortcomings distinguish - a small debit of the source and a short operational period.
Mechanized well drilling
There are several methods of mechanized well drilling. To choose the most suitable, you need to learn more about each.
Shock-rope method of drilling wells
This is the oldest method of all, it was invented and actively used for centuries in ancient China. The destruction of the rock is due to a sharp mechanical impact - falling from the height of a heavy bottomhole. The part is a piece of pipe made of steel with a drill at the end. To clean the object from the soil when pulling it is equipped with several holes.
A rope or cable is attached to the back of the glass, which connects it to the top of the derrick. Its height exceeds 2 meters. The method is used to construct a source with a depth of more than 20 meters.
Rotary method
The rotary method of drilling wells is implemented using special equipment - a self-propelled drilling rig. Its size and equipment with additional elements will depend on the working conditions. During penetration, a projectile equipped with a chisel rotates the rock and rotates deeper into the soil.
- For stony soil, the model of the URB-2A2 installation is used.
- For the sinking of industrial structures, the depth of which can reach 500 meters - URB-3AM.
- Under construction conditions - MBU-2M.
In the process of wireline drilling, flushing must be carried out, which frees the structural details from the layers of the worked out soil.
Screw and core methods of water well drilling
In the implementation of the screw method, it is necessary to have a screw that works on the principle of an ice drill of only large sizes. To build a well, it is inserted into a previously prepared hole and rotated.
Features of the method are high productivity, the deadlines for the execution of work are the shortest. This is due to the high rate of rock excavation from the well. The diameter of the screw can reach 150 cm.
Recommended for use on swampy and sandy soils. Implementation does not involve large financial and physical costs. Among the shortcomings are the lack of the ability to work on stony soil, as well as the limited depth of a maximum of 50 meters.
The core drilling method is most often used for well construction on an industrial scale, as well as for scientific and research work. Using a special chisel destroys the rock. The hollow pipe is additionally equipped with scars. Penetrating into the soil layers, it cuts off from the main layer.
High productivity allows you to use the method not only for well construction, but also in construction, for example, if you need to make a through hole in a reinforced concrete structure. The movement of the bit leads a special installation called - ZIF.
The indisputable advantage of the core method is that there are small-sized installations that can be installed even in personal plots with a small area.
How to choose suitable methods
The main parameters will help you choose the appropriate method of drilling wells:
- bore diameter;
- soil type;
- penetration depth.
For sources of small depth of the aquifer in soft soil, it is preferable to resort to manual or auger method of drilling, in hard soil - shock-rope.
Also, when choosing a drilling method, you need to pay attention to additional selection criteria:
- Financial investments that will be required to build an autonomous water supply network: pocket the drilling of an artesian well or enough, for example, sand.
- The required amount of water or the debit of the source, which will be enough for a comfortable family stay in the house.
- Well water quality (the greater the depth, the cleaner the water).
- Frequency of use of the source.
If the source is of shallow depth, the climatic and geological conditions of the area, the location of industrial enterprises and agricultural land nearby should be analyzed before drilling.
When constructing an artesian well on a personal plot, you need to draw up the appropriate package of documents and register the source, and this is an additional waste of time and finances.
A well-drilled and well-maintained source will serve homeowners for many years. Before proceeding with the source drilling, it is necessary to conduct an examination for the presence of groundwater and select the most suitable place away from cesspools and septic tanks (normative legal acts of SNiP are mandatory for familiarization).
