The code of rules or “SP” for the internal water supply and sewer systems is a document that includes the rules for installation, maintenance and operation of the designated utility networks. In construction during the construction of communication systems, this document is considered fundamental.
Key Points
SNiP 2.04.01-85 “Internal water supply and sewerage of buildings” clearly defines the provisions that relate to these networks. There are two varieties: internal and external. They differ from each other by their location relative to the building.
The internal section of the water supply and sewage system is connected to plumbing fixtures, and on the other hand, to external networks. The external section is connected to the internal circuit on the one hand and to centralized networks on the other. If the sewage system is autonomous, it is connected to a septic tank, and the water supply to the pump.
The SNiP clearly states that water and sewer networks should be installed in all buildings, regardless of purpose, number of storeys, or occupied area. If centralized sewer systems are located far from the facilities being constructed, cesspools, backlash closets and other similar structures are built. The rules have their own specific requirements for them.
Water characteristics
Water transported through pipelines must comply with the requirements defined by SNiPs. If it is a cold water supply, GOST is applied under number 2874-82 and under the name "Drinking water. Hygiene requirements and quality control. ” If water will be used for technical needs, each consumer develops its own technical conditions. At the same time, water treatment systems are required to be installed in factories and factories, which will bring the quality of the liquid to the required, indicated in TU.
Hot water is mainly determined by temperature.
- For residential and non-residential buildings - 50-70C.
- For child care facilities - below 37C.
The quality of water in sewer networks is determined by the amount of sewage entering it.
Plumbing system
The name of this communication network means three purposes: cold and hot water supply, fire water supply. Each section has its own purpose and load, so it is built on the basis of special requirements.
Cold water
Clause 4.1 of SNiP clearly states what parts the internal water supply should consist of. It includes:
- Piping connected through the wall or foundation of the building to the outside of the system.
- Water measuring units, which include water consumption meters, shutoff valves, places for taking water samples for analysis.
- The distributing system on consumers (sanitary equipment).
- Risers located between the floors of the building.
- Shutoff valves. This applies not only to plumbing fixtures, but also to shut-off valves or gate valves.
In some cases, one or more containers are added to create a supply of water, as well as pumping units.
An external water supply system is basically a pipe structure connected to a central water supply network. In an autonomous system, it connects to a pump. The main requirement for this part is heat and waterproofing. The first makes it possible not to bury the pipes below the level of freezing of the soil. The second provides protection against the negative effects of moisture.
Clause 4.4 describes the requirements for installation and maintenance of a water supply system. There are two main requirements:
- So that the components of the water supply system do not quickly fail, they are selected from materials that can long resist the negative effects of water, as well as moisture from the outside.
- Depending on the technical condition, the entire network must be subject to preventive maintenance, inspections, maintenance and repair.
Fire water supply belongs to the category of “cold”. It can be connected to the drinking water supply or technical, if the latter is provided at the facility.
It is strictly forbidden to combine plumbing sections of cold water supply for household or drinking water with production ones.
Hot water
This is the most complicated water supply system in its configuration. The SNiP (specifically paragraph 5) describes the conditions and provisions for the use and installation of a hot water system. Here are a few important points:
- It is impossible to combine in one system the water supply for hot water used to provide household needs with a water supply network for industrial purposes.
- If, according to the technical conditions, hot water can be supplied simultaneously for both household and production needs, the water supply can be laid in one pipe.
- If the building is more than four floors, vertical risers should be combined into one unit with the installation of one pipe. The standard combination is 3-7 risers in one.
- In buildings with a height of less than four floors, it is forbidden to connect water intake devices directly to the risers of the system.
- Installation of the hot water supply system in the villages is carried out taking into account the economic side of the matter, the capabilities of consumers and the technical order of the work.
Hot and cold water supply systems are equipped with drain devices, which are installed at the lowest point. As well as devices with which air is released. They are located at the highest point.
Water supply engineering equipment
The component that takes up the most space is the pipe. It is laid from the central water supply to consumers. In the connection masses, a water meter is installed, which is cut off on two sides by valves or valves. The system also uses a variety of fittings to help guide pipe routing. Before each consumer, a shut-off valve must be installed.
The water supply system may include water treatment. This is a set of filtering devices that purify water, disinfect, fill with useful substances and minerals. In private housing construction, tanks for storing water supplies are additionally installed, as well as alluvial equipment that pumps liquid from wells or wells into the house.
Sewage systems
The classification of the sewer system is a few of its varieties, which are divided according to their purpose. There are four of them:
- Household sewer system. Accordingly, it is built in buildings intended for living.
- Production. It is mounted for the removal of effluents from production halls of various types.
- United. Combines the two previous varieties.
- Gutters. Their task is to divert rain and melt water from the roofs of buildings and structures.
On the territory of production enterprises, all four types of sewer networks are often combined into one if special technical devices are installed in them:
- hydraulic locks, which are installed on each sewer section and provide sanitary and hygienic standards for the operation of sewers;
- sand traps in storm sewers that trap debris and sand.
The SNiP does not stipulate strictly what type of system can be installed indoors: open or closed. The second one is used more often, but the first one can be mounted, if this is confirmed by technical standards. For example, if non-toxic effluents are transported without an unpleasant odor.At the same time, open-type sewers are necessarily equipped with hydraulic locks.
Standard sewage, especially internal, is gravity. Therefore, it is laid at a certain angle from the buildings towards the water intake device. This technical parameter depends on the diameter of the laid pipes and varies in the range of 2-5 mm per linear meter of pipeline length.
Inside buildings, the sewer network can be laid open or closed. In the first case, these are pipes laid on the surfaces bearing the structure of the object: walls, floor, ceiling, columns, etc. In the second case, this is a pipe wiring recessed into the same building structure. To do this, make shtrobes (grooves), in which the tubular products are laid and covered with repair mixtures (plaster, putty), plate or sheet materials.
External sewage is laid directly in the ground, for which it is isolated, or in pre-mounted tunnels, pipes of larger diameter, trays and other building elements intended for laying utility networks. Here, the angle of inclination of the pipe for gravity flow of drains is also mandatory.
Pressure sewer differs from gravity in that a pump is present in its composition. He forcibly pumps sewage and sewage. This variety is used only if it is not possible to lay sewer pipes at an angle. The pump can pump wastewater not only horizontally, but also at an angle from the bottom up. This type does not differ in energy saving, but under certain circumstances there is no other way out.
In the joint venture there is one most important point: you can not lay a water supply network next to other engineering systems. The exception is the highways through which non-toxic materials are transported.
