For autonomous water supply of private houses and industrial enterprises, a separate source of water is needed. Most often, a water well is selected. Knowing the design characteristics of different types of sources, the main components and functional units, as well as the sequence of equipment connection, you can create a well for clean water yourself.
Types of wells and methods of drilling
The concept of "well" is very broad. It means not only a structure used to supply water. There are other classes of underground mines distributed according to their purpose: for the extraction of oil, gas, minerals, exploration, coal gasification, ventilation of underground structures. There are wells for pipelines located parallel to the surface. To create them, use the HDD method - horizontal directional drilling.
In everyday life, well shafts are used to obtain clean water, as well as for heating, if powerful heat pumps are connected to them.
The following types of wells are being constructed depending on the water horizon:
- a source piercing sand layers to a depth of 10 to 30 meters;
- Abyssinian well;
- artesian water intake.
In the latter case, water passes between the layers of limestone: when creating a mine, an aquifer is drilled. The depth indicator of such a source is more than 40 m.
The type of water intake device determines the quality of the liquid, the complexity of the construction and the productivity of the hydraulic structure.
In accordance with Russian law - the Federal Law "On Subsoil" - punching a well shaft and using a hydraulic object from the first water reservoir are possible without registration.
In this category there are not only water intake constructions from the upper part, but also a construction on sand, an Abyssinian well. Drilling methods for different types of hydraulic structures vary.
Abyssinian well
The design of the well is simple, you can build it yourself. It is suitable for a small house or cottage. The liquid is lifted using a manual or ground-based electric pump through a narrow sealed pipe with a sharp end that looks like a needle. Dirty effluents from the overhead water do not enter the well, and there is no strong mineralization, since the mine is not too deep.
The minus is the fact that the construction of the well is possible at the cottage or personal plot, where the aquifer passes no deeper than 8-10 meters.
Otherwise, pressure equipment will not be able to lift water to the surface. But such a well is inexpensive. The price of the finished structure, which only needs to be set, starts from 2500 rubles.
The construction of a driven well is carried out in three ways:
- Punching the ground. A narrow reinforcement bar is used, which is made of durable metal. They are hit hard by the filter shank until it reaches the aquifer.
- The use of "grandmother". According to the principle of operation, this option is similar to the previous one. But instead of a percussion instrument, a load with a hole falls into the pit.
- Auger drilling. A manual screw drill is used for it. This is the easiest, safest and most effective method of drilling an Abyssinian well. But the process is complicated by the fact that the height of the hand drill does not allow reaching even the highest horizon. After deepening by one and a half meters, the bar is increased in additional sections.
When carrying out work, you need to be as careful as possible: if the needle hits a stone, the entire structure will be destroyed.
Well on the sand
It makes its way to the aquifer under the clay in the sand formation. The design uses casing plastic pipes with a diameter of 125 mm.
Downhole mines are drilled on sand using the following devices:
- manual garden Yamobur;
- mechanical auger drill;
- gasoline powered drilling device;
- installation on the go.
The latter option is characterized by maximum productivity - it takes only three hours to create a mine.
If the soil is very rocky, use a special drill bit, as when creating holes for an anchor or for blasting.
To ensure the normal quality of the produced water so that it can be drunk, special filters of coarse and fine purification, iron removal are needed. Without this, it is better to use the liquid only for technical needs.
The advantage of this option is the lack of water withdrawal licensing and a relatively low cost. The price of the issue is from 25,000 rubles.
Artesian well
This is the name of sources that can reach 70–100 m in depth, and superdeep - more than 200 m. Water from deep water intakes is much cleaner and suitable for drinking, but such a hydrological structure requires a license with a specific code and a special OKOF classifier as immovable property. To do this, contact the management of the local environmental management department.
When choosing this type of well, you need to consider how much they cost. The amount comes out rather big. In order to equip a turn-key hundred-meter artesian spring with decoration and construction work, you will have to pay at least 400,000 rubles.
It is important to choose a trusted company, there have been cases that drillers deceived customers by arranging a low-quality and short-lived well.
To make an artesian well on the site, use powerful self-propelled drilling rigs based on KamAZ trucks. If the water level does not exceed 100 meters, small-sized drilling units can be used. Mini-installations have small dimensions, are mobile and allow you to drill a mine on a site with a complex terrain and a large number of buildings.
How is the well arranged
A standard installation consists of a casing that protects the walls from shedding, a strainer, a head, a sealing mouth and water mains. Sometimes they are equipped with caissons or adapters to protect water-lifting equipment.
Devices for water intake are connected in series according to the scheme connecting the following elements:
- pump station with electric drive;
- check valve;
- hydraulic accumulator or simple storage tank;
- pressure switch;
- fine filters.
The scheme of the well for water and the principle of its operation are related. The liquid rises from the aquifer, seeps through the filter into the mine. The switched-on pump directs it along the water main to the house through the accumulator and filtering units.
To lift the water can be used:
- submersible pumps;
- electric centrifugal plants - ESP;
- rod pressure stations - ShGN.
Not only pumping equipment is used for fluid extraction. In the airlift method, the liquid moves upward under the action of gas, which is supplied by injection equipment to the pipe string. If the rise is carried out using reservoir energy, this method is called fountain. It is usually used for oil production.
Before drilling a well, it is necessary to decide why it is needed: only for household needs or for food and drinking purposes. Then you should calculate its flow rate using any suitable formula - there are a lot of them on the network - or using an online calculator. Next, make a schematic drawing of the future water supply system, taking into account how close the groundwater is.When designing, it is better to use a sectional picture. Then you should think carefully about what equipment and materials are needed, make an estimate.
After drilling, the well is strapped, which involves the installation of a caisson, pump, hydraulic accumulator and other nodes.
Operational Features
The duration of operation of the well without interruptions depends not only on the correct installation, but also on the reasonable operation, which includes regular maintenance work at certain times:
- The organoleptic qualities of the fluid are checked daily. If the water becomes cloudy or starts to smell bad, you will need to analyze the samples in the laboratory.
- Inspection of the hydraulic structure shaft is carried out every two years.
- Filters are inspected, if necessary, cleaned every three months.
The frequency of routine inspection of the pressure device must be specified in the user manual. But even if the devices work without problems, they must be checked at least once every six months. From time to time it is required to pump a well to get rid of possible contaminants. Determining the frequency of pumping depends on the flow rate of the intake.
The results of preventive checks are recorded in a special journal, the date must be indicated. These records are used to identify potential problems.
If the hydraulic installation is sealed, special devices - lubricators are used for testing work. They are designed to provide descent and lifting of downhole tools on a cable or wire without depressurization of the wellhead.
If the structure is equipped next to the house, where year-round residence is expected, it is required to prepare it for winter frosts. In order not to form an ice plug in the casing, it is insulated to the level of freezing of the earth. Thermal insulation of the caisson tank is also needed.
The correct arrangement of a well for water will provide life-giving moisture to even a large cottage. With proper operation and compliance with preventive measures, water intake will last without repair for at least half a century.
