To create an autonomous source in the country, suburban area, masters prefer to drill a well. The water from it is as clean as possible, unlike well water, since the depth of the mine can reach 20, 50, 60 meters and even 100-140 m. Drilling water wells is allowed to be done with your own hands if the aquifer lies no more than 25 meters down. With a strong deepening of the horizon, experts will have to be invited.
The choice of location and depth of drilling
Before forming the source mine, you need to decide on the most convenient zone of its location. There are two ways to determine the estimated location of an aquifer:
- Conducting reconnaissance surveys. It is performed by specialists, so you have to pay for their services.
- Visual assessment of vegetation on the site and its other external signs. Here you need to pay attention to those places where greens are lush and juicy even in extreme heat. In addition, dense fog spreads over the aquifer zone in the mornings, and a swarm of midges swirls in the evenings.
The depth of the proposed reservoir, and therefore drilling, can also be determined by two methods:
- intelligence;
- interrogation of neighbors: often in two adjacent areas, sources are drilled onto one aquifer, the main thing is that then the flow rate of both wells does not decrease.
You can approximately determine the depth of the reservoir and the vegetation in the area:
- Hazel, willow indicate 3-5 meters of the horizon from the surface of the earth;
- viburnum, mountain ash, lilac - 10 meters;
- plants with a strong root system - the layer lies below the level of 15 m.
When drilling a source, you will have to go through such layers:
- relatively soft moistened sand;
- water saturated liquid soils;
- deposits of gravel, pebbles;
- clay quicksand;
- loam;
- clay.
You can handle some of them with your own hands. Others are only possible with special equipment.
It is advisable to carry out drilling on the site even before the construction of a large cottage and other auxiliary buildings.
The location of the source on the site
It is important to maintain specific distances when setting the drilling site. There are a number of rules:
- the well is removed from the house at least 4-5 meters;
- from a cesspool, septic tank, sewage discharge points - by 25 m or more;
- from the fence - 4-6 meters.
It is important to ensure free access to the source or to provide a removable fence section. Where to do it, only the owner of the site decides.
Types of wells in depth
Depending on the depth to which a hydraulic structure is drilled, these types of sources are distinguished:
- Abyssinian well. It is drilled to a depth of 12 meters. Work can be done independently.
- Sandy water well. It goes to the level of 15-35 meters. Rarely up to 50 meters. A well on sand with proper operation lasts up to 25 years.
- Artesian source. Its depth is 50-150, and sometimes all 200 meters. It serves as a hydraulic structure for more than 40-50 years. However, the flow rate of the aquifer is so great that several cottages or even a small village can be fed from it.
A license is required for an artesian source, and the use of water resources is taxed. Only such operation of a hydrotechnical home facility is legal.
Types of Drilling Tools
Distinguish between professional and household devices for drilling. In turn, specialized installations additionally differ in the way of overcoming the soil. When coring professional drilling use:
- drill columns: diamond, tungsten, steel, pobeditovye;
- a special pipe for collecting and discharging spent sludge;
- tubular column;
- rods used to build drill strings;
- flushing seal;
- couplings;
- adapters.
When working on rocky rocks, any type of drill string wears out quickly and requires mandatory replacement.
When rotary drilling, a special drilling rig is used, the design of which looks like this:
- tower belt or trellised;
- rotor;
- drill string;
- engine;
- mine washing equipment;
- lifting equipment.
Rotations of a rotary machine depend on the engine power of the equipment.
When auger drilling is used, the technique, the main element of which is screw. Its blades are made of high-strength alloy, which allows you to overcome dense and even rocky formations.
From household (non-professional) drilling tools use a garden auger, steel sleeve with sharp edges or bailer (sleeve with inner blades). A winch on a tripod serves as a lifting mechanism.
Professional Drilling Methods
If specialists form the source, the total cost of the well for water depends on its depth and type of material for the casing. Masters always consider the price per linear meter. It already includes drilling, casing, flushing (pumping) of the source and its commissioning. If there is an arrangement of a caisson (a special protective chamber), this is an additional service, for which you will have to pay separately.
In their work, professionals use the following drilling methods:
- Rotary. Used auger drill, which rotates under the influence of the engine. Due to the transmission of the driving force from the motor to the cutting tool, it is deepened into the ground. At the same time, water is supplied under pressure to wash small parts of the soil and rock.
- Flushing drilling. Rotary-rotor penetration into the soil is also performed. In parallel, when passing through the upper layers, a clay wash solution is used. On limestone formations - pure water. Using the washing liquid, the cutting element is cooled, the friction force is reduced, the shaft walls are strengthened and the waste rocks are raised.
- Shock-rope. It is used when passing small depths and relatively soft layers. The disadvantage of this method is the relatively low drilling speed. During the work, a powerful glass with a sharp end is hammered into the ground and raises the selection of rocks up. Any soil that drillers remove from the mine can get into it.
- Rope-rotation. A hollow rod is introduced into the ground by rotation. Waste rocks are brought to the surface using flushing concreted water.
- Screw method. It is carried out by rotation of a wide industrial drill equipped with blades in an amount of 2-3 pieces. They lift up the processed soil. The auger method of drilling is especially good for clay soils. With lime beds and underground boulders can not cope.
- Hydro Drilling Soil erosion occurs under high pressure water. The method is relevant for loose soils and small depths of the well (up to 15-20 meters).
- Perforated. The method is referred more to manual ones. A thin pipe with a sharp tip is clogged into the soil. The tube grows as it deepens. Upon reaching the aquifer, the source is equipped with a pump. Using the perforating method, a igloo is made in the country house or in a small house for seasonal living.It is used for irrigation or for domestic purposes.
The price of a well (linear meter of its drilling) varies somewhat depending on the way the professionals work, but not significantly.
Self Drilling Methods
You can drill a source with your own hands in several ways.
Auger
Use a garden screw, which is manually screwed into the ground, starting with the formation of the upper hole. It is advisable to do this together. The procedure for performing work step by step:
- Grasping the handle of the auger, it is screwed deep into.
- Periodically, as the device deepens, the device is lifted up to extract the used soil.
- The auger barrel is gradually increased with the help of additional parts to deepen it even more. The procedure is performed using threads or clamps.
- Drilling is performed layer by layer until an aquifer is reached.
- The walls of the shaft reinforce the casing.
- It remains to pump the source and equip its upper part with a head or caisson.
Using the auger you can go up to 20 m depth, but no more. The screw method of excavation is also used for the installation of bored piles or heat pumps. Here, the shaft is made shallower (up to 10 m).
Shock-rope method (flap)
The development of the soil is carried out according to the principle of falling a driven glass from a height of 0.5-0.8 m. Under its weight, it crashes into the formation and draws into its cavity. It remains to raise the bailer, free it from the volume of the earth and lower it down again.
To make it easier to start work, you need to prepare (dig) a drilling site. To do this, dig a hole in the place of the proposed well with dimensions of 2x2 meters. Its depth according to the project should be approximately 1.5 m. This zone allows you to firmly install the winch on a tripod and prevent the walls of the upper part of the shaft from shedding.
Carry out the work as follows:
- Mount the winch in the center of the site.
- A bobbin is tied to it on a strong rope / cable.
- They lower it sharply from a height of 1-1.5 meters and in this way drive it into the ground. So they cut into the ground soil.
- They raise a deepened glass, empty it and deepen it again.
- Work cycles are repeated until an aquifer is reached. Then, a casing is installed inside the shaft.
For easy lifting of the baffle with soil upward, it is recommended to equip the winch with a motor. Under these conditions, work is faster.
What is the best way to drill
If we are talking about the formation of a borehole with our own hands, it is better to work with a screw. It passes well even moderately hard rocks. But this method can only be used on dry formations. For a quicksand and marshland, the auger is not suitable.
The shock-rope method is time-consuming, long, forcing you to dig the site first, but it even allows you to destroy rock formations. The main thing is to fully adhere to the process.
Only professionals are invited to drill an artesian spring by technology. In this case, there are simply no methods and drilling techniques for independent searches for drinking mineral water.
Manual and professional drilling is carried out only at an angle of 90 degrees with respect to the aquifer. The curved shaft will not allow the casing to be installed without displacement.
Experts determine the drilling method after reconnaissance surveys.
Cost and rates of specialists
If the master decided to professionally drill a well for water, the price in Moscow and the region will vary between 1900-2100 rubles per linear meter. The following parameters affect the cost:
- type of installation used;
- the type of soil (limestone, rock, sand, clay, quicksand) that will have to be punched / drilled on the ground;
- material of the casing used (plastic or steel);
- diameter of the column;
- type of water pump installed.
In order to drill a well under water, it is better to contact trusted specialists who have good reviews and permission to perform work. They will do preliminary geo-drilling, answer all relevant questions, voice how much the full range of turnkey services will cost.
For professionals, the time of year for drilling in a private area does not matter. But it is better to look for an aquifer of water supply from mid-summer to early fall. Normally, work is done in 2-5 days. The same specialists then carry out warranty maintenance of the well.
