Sewerage design is the main stage in creating networks for wastewater disposal. Drawing up a scheme and plan of the system avoids installation errors and prevents contamination of drinking water sources.
Actual requirements for the installation of sewage systems
The main difficulties of the sewage system are not so much in the specificity of the work, but in compliance with the requirements and norms:
- The slope of the pipeline should be 2-15% to the internal networks, external sewage and septic tank. The exact angle is determined depending on the size of the pipes and the type of plumbing fixtures.
- Pipe diameter. For a bidet and a washbasin, the optimum diameter of the sewer drain is 32-40 mm, for a sink - 50 mm, for the toilet - 110 mm. Risers are made of products measuring 70-110 mm.
- Warming. Sewer piping must be covered with fiberglass or polyethylene.
- Ventilation. Thanks to this system, the pressure of the gases released during the flow of effluents is regulated. For this purpose, sewer wells are mounted. If there are several collectors in the house, each of them must have ventilation.
When equipping a system with drainage to a storage tank, it is necessary to ensure the possibility of access of a cesspool machine.
Material selection
For the installation of sewers, polymer and metal elements are usually used. A variety of materials allows you to choose products with the optimal ratio of "price-quality".
Cast iron pipes have several advantages:
- high strength;
- reliability;
- resistance to temperature extremes;
- long term of operation;
- ability to withstand severe mechanical stress.
Demand for cast iron pipes began to plummet with the advent of plastic products. This is due to the high cost of metal elements, their high weight and complexity of transportation.
When installing sewage systems from plastic pipes, PVC products, polypropylene and polyethylene elements are chosen. Subject to the general rules and norms of operation, such sewer sections serve more than 50 years. It is easy to mount polymer products with your own hands without special equipment.
In addition to the pipes themselves, fittings, sealing compounds, and a set of tools will be needed for laying sewage. To properly fix the network sections on the basement floor (if necessary), support structures should be used.
Design and preparatory phase
With the correct preparation of the sewage project, it is necessary to find out:
- is it possible to connect the building to centralized networks;
- how will waste be disposed of in an autonomous system;
- how much effluent will be produced daily;
- whether the private house will be operated continuously;
- how deep the soil freezes, and what is the level of groundwater in the area.
Sewerage and water supply projects are jointly prepared. An integrated approach allows you to avoid mistakes and make the sewage system as efficient as possible. The document shall indicate:
- General data containing the name of regulatory acts and the composition of the project. An explanatory note to the installation of water supply and sewage systems is placed in this section.
- Explication of premises - contains a plan of all floors with an indication of wet areas and instructions for their waterproofing.
- Calculation of water consumption and water disposal.The section contains the relevant standards and the calculations are made taking into account a particular house - an apartment building or a suburban.
- Plumbing plan - contains the exact location of plumbing fixtures.
- Sewerage scheme - it shows the route of pipe laying with an indication of their size and the location of the risers.
- A specification that states the necessary equipment, fasteners, pipes and fittings.
The preparatory stage before the sewage system consists in the following actions:
- Decide on the number of plumbing fixtures and their location.
- Provide the ability to install additional equipment for which you need to install a sewer drain. To do this, it is necessary to install a lead of a closed type with a plug.
- After calculating all the parameters, cut the pipes, taking into account the parameters of the fittings. For plastic products, you can use a hacksaw for metal. It is necessary to perform a cut at a right angle. After the procedure, the edges should be cleaned with a knife or sandpaper.
- It is necessary to carry out the installation of the sewer pipeline under a slope, for which special brackets are used.
Before laying the sewers, a grinder, drill or perforator, mounting gun, chisel, hammer, screwdriver and adjustable wrench are prepared.
Installation Steps
The process of creating a sewage system is divided into many stages, starting from the selection of elements of the required size and ending with a test run. Work on the device of the internal and external parts of the system is carried out separately, taking into account the characteristics of the building and the site on which it is located.
Internal sewage device
Before installing the internal sewage system and water supply systems, old pipes are removed. Stages of technical work:
- Turn off hot and cold water.
- Use a pipe wrench to remove the hose used to hold water to the toilet bowl.
- Remove the toilet.
- Completely clean the bathroom.
- Disassemble the old sewer.
- Remove the pipes located next to the riser. Eliminate elements extending from a tee mounted in a riser.
Before bringing new pipes to the riser, it is necessary to clean the remains of the old sealant and install a new cuff.
Recommendations for the installation of internal sewage:
- The toilet is connected to the network with a plastic pipe with a diameter of 110 mm. Next, a smooth transition to a 50 mm section is performed. A suitable option is to create a bridge with a 100 mm product.
- Drain and slope are set at the same level, and the joints are sealed.
- It is undesirable to use right angle adapters. It is better to use 2 elements with a rotation of 45 degrees. Wiring in bathrooms does not require socket welding of pipes.
- Complete the assembly of the sewer. Pipes are inserted into each other, sealing the connections.
- For reliable fastening of networks of hot cold and hot water supply it is worth using silicone sealant.
- At the final stage of work, the internal network is connected to the external sewage system.
Fasten sections of the network to the walls with clamps. Thanks to these elements, reliable fixation of the pipeline is ensured.
Outdoor sewage
To install an external sewage system with a septic tank and a filtering structure, it is necessary to dig a pit. The distance from it to residential buildings is calculated based on the size of the suburban area. The minimum distance from home should be 5 m.
Features of the technology of the external sewage system:
- The size of the pit for the septic tank is selected depending on the intensity of use of plumbing fixtures and the number of people living in the house. For 4 people it is necessary to build a cesspool with 3 rings 1 m high and 1.5 m in diameter. A simple septic tank of minimum volume can be installed in the summer cottage.
- Before mounting concrete rings make a sand pillow with a thickness of 15-20 cm.Subsequently, it is poured with concrete, and after a day, rings are installed. Joints between concrete elements are sealed with resin or bitumen.
- To lay the outer sewer pipe (minimum diameter 11 cm), dig a trench from the septic tank to the foundation of the house. It is important to consider the depth of soil freezing in the region. If it is 1 m, the trench should be so deep that the upper edge of the pipe is below this level. If the depth of soil freezing is too large, it is necessary to continue the sewage system at a meter depth, and insulate it. The slope of the piping of the external system should be 2-3 cm per meter.
- To connect the pipe to the septic tank, it is necessary to drill a hole in it with a grinder. To preserve the pipeline, the walls of the septic tank should be wrapped with insulation.
Connecting pipes to the external sewage line, it is necessary to lubricate the joints with special glue. If necessary, arrangement of bends using knees with the most smooth angle of rotation.
A pipe enters a house through a basement or foundation. It is better if it is held before pouring the base. To do this, use a sleeve - a wider pipe that protects the sewer from mechanical pressure.
The filtration well should be 30 cm below the septic tank. The volume of the well may be less than the drive. Such a structure should not have a concrete bottom. Gravel or gravel is poured into it with a layer of 30 cm.
Storm sewer
The storm water disposal system is mounted separately from the household. The outer part of the system is connected to the gutters of buildings. For this purpose, produce:
- Installation of storm water inlets fixed with bitumen mastic.
- Placement of pipes or trays, depending on the selected precipitation collection system (linear or point).
- Placement of risers.
- Spillway organization - in a tray or collector.
Storm sewers are arranged in the following order:
- Mark the area using a tracing cable.
- They carry out earthwork, during which they lay wells and trenches, and perform ditches for the installation of ground trays.
- Install ground storm water inlets.
- In the intended places place trays and pipes.
- Combine disparate elements into a single storm sewer system.
Before starting operation, it is necessary to conduct a test spill. During operation, conduct regular cleaning of the network.
The cost of laying sewage systems
The approximate cost of creating a sewage disposal system, including the cost of laying one running meter of sewage in the ground:
| Name of works | Rates, rub. |
| Sewer wiring - installation of a point that includes revisions, riser, plugs and perfumes | 2200 |
| Thermal insulation of pipes - pipe broaches in a heater | 80 |
| Work on laying a domestic sewage network | 220 |
| Excavation | 1500 |
| Shredding a concrete wall for a pipe | 1000 |
| Strobing brickwork under a pipe | 700 |
| Creating a hole in the foundation for pipe outlet | 3500 |
The price of sewerage installation works varies depending on the region.
Collect internal and external sewers should be subject to documentation, which indicates the parameters of the house and land. Subject to basic requirements, the system will discharge effluents as efficiently as possible, and there will be no difficulties with its repair.
