The key to comfortable living in a private house is the availability of all necessary communications, and in particular sewage. With certain knowledge and skills, it is not difficult to cope with the laying of the collector. Do-it-yourself sewerage device in a private house is divided into two stages of work - external and internal.
Types of sewer systems for a private house
Given the fact that the pipeline will not connect to the city central highway, the owners of private sections are constructing one of the types of sewers near the house:
- Single chamber septic tank - a cesspool with a sealed bottom and walls. Under the condition of full filling of the tank, it is necessary to pump sewage with sewage equipment. You can make a drainage / filter bottom at a single chamber septic tank. So the water will go into the ground. But here it is worth being careful: if the groundwater level is high on the site, there is a risk of contaminating nearby drinking wells. By law, such actions are punishable.
- Two-chamber septic tank. It consists of two adjacent tanks. The first has a larger volume than the second. Sewage along the collector flows into the main receiver, where they are sedimented. Large particles of garbage (feces, paper) settle on the bottom. The clarified water is poured into the second tank and there drains into the ground. The bottom of the second drive is made of sand and gravel. To avoid siltation, it is better to change the filling every 4-5 years. The first tank is cleaned once every 1-2 years.
- Septic tank biological treatment. Bacterial preparations are used here to process sewage into organic matter - silt and water. Such a tank must be connected to electricity, since bacteria work only in the conditions of positive temperature.
Regardless of whether the master wants to make a sewer with a cesspool or wants to equip a full-fledged septic tank, it is necessary to pull the pipeline from the house to any type of tank.
Current requirements for sewerage in a private house
Before starting an independent sewer wiring in a private house, you need to study the requirements and standards for its arrangement:
- A sewage receiver (septic tank) is located in the lower part of the site, not closer than 5 m to a country house and other residential building.
- Sewers must be removed at least 10 m from the garden.
- From wells and other sources of water, the tank is located at a distance of at least 20 m.
- The inner and outer pipes of the manifold are laid with a slope. It varies depending on the diameter of the communication. The smaller the tube section, the greater the slope. For 110 mm pipes, a value of 5-7 mm per 1 linear meter of the collector must be adhered to. The inner tubes are laid with a minimum slope of 2.5 cm per m of the length of the system. Ideally 3.5 cm per meter.
- The outer pipeline is deepened below the level of soil freezing. If this is not possible, it is well insulated. Otherwise, the sewage will freeze in the system.
- It is advisable to avoid sharp turns / rises / bends of the collector.
- 50 mm pipes are used to lay the internal sewage system. An installation of tubes with a diameter of 110 mm is brought to the toilet. The cross-section of the external pipeline varies depending on the estimated volume of effluents. For a family of 3-5 people, a diameter of 110-160 mm is enough. If the sewer system serves several facilities, then the outer pipes are taken with a diameter of 200 mm or more.
When installing an autonomous sewage system with your own hands, SNiP 2.04.03-85 “Sewerage. External networks and facilities. ” Storm drains do not discharge into the sewer septic tank. A separate receiver is mounted under them.
Design and implementation of necessary calculations
Before starting the construction of the system, it is necessary to draw a preliminary diagram of the installation of the sewage system. The drawing marks all the points of plumbing in the house and the location of the septic tank on the site. In addition, the place of output of the pipeline through the foundation into the ground under the first floor is applied to the scheme. All lines of the collector are applied to the drawing from each sanitary point and up to the entrance to the septic tank. Measure the length of each section of the pipeline. Thanks to the measurements, the total number of necessary footage of the external and internal pipes is obtained.
It is extremely important to apply to the drawing all the places of bends, joints, branches and turns of the collector. So the master will be able to purchase the necessary number of adapters, fittings, etc.
The volume of the septic tank is calculated according to SNiP. According to sanitary standards, 200 liters of effluent per day are per person. For a family of three, the volume of the septic tank / pit should be 6 cubic meters.
Material selection
For the proper installation of sewage in a private house with your own hands, it is important to choose a reliable collector material. Usually use plastic and cast iron pipes. Metal is good for laying the outside of the system. It is durable, wear-resistant, inert to aggressive environments and temperature extremes. However, without the help of a neighbor or special equipment, installation of cast-iron pipes cannot be carried out. They cost significantly more than polymer.
Plastic pipes made of PVC or HDPE have proven themselves in the private sewer device. The second option is especially suitable for laying the outside of the manifold. Polymer pipes have a number of positive properties:
- Favorable cost of materials and lightness. You can work with polymer yourself.
- Plastic inertness to temperature extremes and aggressive environments.
- Perfect smoothness of the inner walls of the pipes. The drains on them move without delay and noise.
- The tendency to linear tension and tensile strength.
Pipes for the outside of the system have a corrugated surface. The rings act in the form of stiffeners, so the pipeline does not face deformation under the influence of heaving of the soil.
Installation Steps
You need to install a home sewer from its internal part. In all rooms with plumbing equipment (kitchen, bathroom, pool, sauna), pipes are installed in the direction of the riser. The wiring is made of tubes with a diameter of 50 mm. A 110 mm cross-section pipe is connected to the toilet.
All joints, connections must be treated with sealant. In places of conclusions under household washing equipment, plugs are installed.
The riser is led to the foundation, in which a hole with a diameter of 130-160 mm is pre-punched. A metal sleeve is necessarily inserted into it. Through it, the manifold pipe is brought out. The outlet place of the outer pipe is qualitatively insulated, the gaps between the sleeve and the foundation are concreted.
The inside of the sewer can be laid in a hidden and open way. In the first case, special strobes are made in the walls and floor and then the communication is closed with decorative trim. With an open installation method, pipe clamps are used as clamps.
External sewage system
Initially, you will have to dig trenches under the collector. They dig from the very exit of the pipe from the house and up to the intended location of the septic tank. The digging depth depends on the level of soil freezing in the region, as a rule, is at least 70-90 cm. The upper edge of the laid pipe should be at this mark from the soil surface.
During the digging of trenches, the specified SNiP slope is observed. The final sink receiver should be located below the outlet of the sewer pipe from the house. Then they work like this:
- A pillow of sand is poured at the bottom of the trenches and tamped well.
- Pipes are laid on the base, reliably connecting them.
- A fully assembled system is checked for leaks. If there are no leaks, the water leaves the house freely, you can backfill the collector. The soil is not much rammed. He will settle himself over time. If necessary, then they add more earth from above.
Plastic pipes are not laid in areas with a high load (roadway, etc.), or they are mounted in a special corrugated / metal sleeve.
Septic tank device
At the final stage of work, when installing a private sewer, you need to build a home-made septic tank. As the simplest option, you can use the tank in the form of a plastic barrel. Some build a sewage collector from car tires, concrete rings. It’s easier to work with plastic. The principle of mounting a two-chamber septic tank looks like this:
- Under the tanks dig holes in accordance with the parameters of the barrels. At the same time, the depth and width of the pit is increased by 30-40 cm under the base and backfill.
- The bottom of the pit is carefully rammed. Pour a sand cushion of moistened sand. It is well compacted.
- A wooden formwork is placed on the sand under the first chamber and concrete mortar 20-30 cm thick is poured.
- The bottom of the second tank is made drainage. A layer of fine gravel is poured onto a sand pillow, and on top is broken brick or cobblestone.
- After the solution has dried, install both tanks next to each other. It is important that there are no distortions.
- Both chambers are connected by an overflow pipe at a level of 40 cm from the bottom of the barrels.
- A drain / drain pipe is brought to the first receiver in its upper part. All joints are well sealed.
- The tanks are filled with water and only after that they are backfilled with careful compaction of the soil. If the barrels are not filled with water, then they can burst in the soil.
- The top of the septic tank is covered with hatches.
In swampy areas it is strictly forbidden to mount a septic tank with a filter bottom. Only a sealed receiver or aeration tank is suitable here.
