What wiring diagram to choose for the apartment

Self-laying of the electric line in the apartment begins at the stage of rough finishing. The wiring diagram in the apartment depends on the presence of interior partitions, household appliances, lighting. When working, wall material, flooring, network laying points are also taken into account.

Where to start wiring the power line in the apartment

Installation of electricians begins with the preparation of a plan on which the final result will be visible. The project displays the overall design, the arrangement of furniture and household appliances. In the process of compilation, you can check the probable points of the "cold reserve" - ​​the place of probable concealment of outlets. After the general layout, the layout of the power line is selected.

Proper design will help to avoid time and money.

Requirements, Rules, Norms

In an apartment or house, electrical wiring is carried out only in accordance with the regulations of the PUE and compliance with safety standards.

Cable selection

To prevent fire of wiring, human injuries and breakdowns of household appliances according to the requirements of the EMP, use:

• wires VVG-2 or VVG-5 with a cross section of 6 mm2 - connection of the apartment entrance to the switchboard;
• VVG-3 cable with a cross section of 2.5 mm2 - the main network lines and wiring to outlets;
• VVG-3 wire with a cross section of 1.5 mm2 - switches and lighting devices.

The cross section of the wires allows you to withstand the maximum allowable load.

7, the edition of the PUE informs that in residential premises it is necessary to use only a three-core copper conductor with neutral, phase and ground. Depending on the zero separation point, grounding is implemented using the TN-S system with the separation of the working zero N and TN-C-S with the separation of the protective zero PE.

Location of power supply elements

SNiP 23-05-25 indicates:

• installation of switches is carried out at a distance of 10 cm from the door from the side of the handle;
• for every 6 squares install one outlet, with the exception of the kitchen;
• the bathroom uses devices with moisture protection IP44, connected via an RCD, at a distance of 60 cm from the shower and sink;
• sockets from the gas pipe are removed by 50 cm, from other communications - by 4 cm.

The minimum removal of sockets from the window, door, floor is 10 cm, from the ceiling - 20 cm.

Wiring, wiring, protection

SNiP establishes the following:

• cable laying is carried out only horizontally or vertically;
• hidden wires are mounted under the floor, in the voids of concrete slabs, masked with plaster or metal sleeve;
• external lines are carried out in cable channels;
• 10 A circuit breakers are connected to lighting, 16 A to power outlets, 25 A to powerful household appliances;
• high-quality RCD should be triggered by a current leak of 100 mA;
• the wiring is carried out by tires, in a radical and combined way.

Open wiring in the apartment does not look aesthetically pleasing, but it fits perfectly into the garage.

Why do I need a wiring diagram in an apartment

The scheme for future wiring of household electrical wiring in a house or apartment should be made only by professional electricians. Work is carried out before starting repairs.The correct drawing, which indicates the main components (switches, sockets, RCDs, lighting devices) will allow you to choose high-quality materials.

The diagram shows the grouping of wires, especially the distribution of load, power grid control. This guarantees the safety of operation and the comfort of living in the apartment.

Options for connecting elements in electrical circuits

Before planning to create a new power line or replace an existing one, you should choose the type of connection of the circuit parts:

• serial - each node of the closed network is connected to the next, node contacts are absent;
• parallel - all parts of the network are located in separate groups; if one node breaks down, the rest work fine;
• mixed - in different areas a different type of connection is used.

If one element breaks down in a serial system, the entire network will cease to function.

Features of electrical wiring in rooms with high humidity

Until 1996, the installation of sockets in bathrooms and kitchens was prohibited. Now it is allowed.

Power line in the bathroom

A room with a very humid environment, water intake devices, conductive pipes is now equipped with electrical safety equipment. The line is arranged as follows:

• connected via an RCD with a response limit of up to 30 mA;
• protected by grounding TN-S with electrically safe neutral;
• It provides sockets in a moisture-proof housing at a distance of 60 cm from the shower and 130 cm from the floor.

Standard fixtures 220 V for the bathroom are not suitable. They are replaced by 12 A.

Kitchen electrical network

The kitchen is not only in the zone of moisture. It has the most workload. Organization of posting is subject to the following conditions:

• installation of a separate RCD for powerful equipment;
• electrical connection in a separate way;
• laying individual cables to high-power devices;
• placement of outlets 50 cm from the gas stove;
• location of wiring 40 cm from gas pipes, batteries.

Khrushchev does not provide for grounding, so a three-core cable is laid in the bathroom, in the kitchen and other rooms.

How to wiring electrical wiring

To properly perform the electrical wiring, you will need:

1. Select the type of wiring - in the distribution box, in the form of a star or a cable.
2. Make a plan for electricians. It is carried out in 2 copies, in the first there should be a plan of switches and lighting points, in the second - outlets.
3. Calculate the number of consumers.
4. Calculate the number of outlets.
5. Break the consumers of the power grid into groups indicating the current consumption and the allocation of a separate machine for 25-32 A.
6. Create an arrangement of switches (90 cm from the floor) and sockets (to the left of the door, in the hallway - at a height of 40 cm, in the kitchen - at a height of 95 to 115 cm).
7. Draw a wiring plan with a connection to the electrical panel. Cables should not cross, be at a distance of 15 cm from the floor and 1 m from window and doorways.
8. Calculate the footage of the cable and the number of machines.

All auxiliary machines are connected to one with a power of at least 63 A.

Varieties of electrical wiring diagrams

There are three types of electrical wiring diagrams in an apartment:

• In the distribution box. In the entrance switchboard, a counter and automatic devices are placed. The power wire is directed to the apartment, brought to the junction box of each room. The type of junction box connection is serial. From them, the cables diverge into lighting, switches, sockets.
• Star. Direct connection of each outlet to the switchboard and the presence of an automatic machine for each consumer. The advantages of the system are repairs in a separate area without turning off the general power supply of the apartment. Cons - you will need a lot of cable.
• Plume. Consumers are connected to the dashboard in a direct way.Before that, they are formed into groups, diverting a separate cable from each.

Combine wiring types for efficient power lines.

Calculation of cable cross-section by power

The circuit of the electric line also informs about the current strength and materials.

Calculations

To calculate the optimal cable cross-section, the formula I = P / U is used, where P is the total power indicator of the equipment, and U is the voltage. After calculations, you can use the table data.

Section mm2	Copper wire				Aluminum wire
	Voltage				Voltage
	220 V		380 V		220 V		380 V
	Current, A	power, kWt	Current, A	power, kWt	Current, A	power, kWt	Current, A	power, kWt
1,5	19	4,1	16	10,5
2,5	27	5,9	25	16,5	22	4,4	19	12,5
4	38	8,3	30	19,8	28	6,1	23	15,1
6	46	10,1	40	26,4	36	7,9	30	19,8
10	70	15,4	50	33	50	11	39	25,7

Materials

To organize the wiring most often use:

• VVG-5x6 - five-wire wire. Needed to power the entrance panel and apartment in a new building with three-phase power.
• VVG-2x66 is a two-core cable for networks with two-phase power supply. Stretches from the driveway to the main shield.
• VVG-3x2.5 - a three-wire wire for apartment wiring. Connects electrical panel and junction boxes.
• VVG 3x1.5 - three-core cable. Connects distribution boxes to sockets, light sources.
• VVG-3x4 - trezhilny wire, feeds the electric stove.

The type of conductor is indicated on the diagram.

Typical schemes

When installing the electric lines are guided by a typical scheme for an apartment with one and two rooms.

The plan for arranging electricians in a one-room apartment provides for dividing the network into two groups. The first includes appliances in the bathroom and kitchen, the second - in the living room and hallway. The load is divided into two high-power networks. If one fails, the second works in normal mode.

Schemes reflecting the power supply system of a two-room apartment provide for an electrical panel next to the door. Posting is divided into consumer groups with a separate machine. In the same way, a private panel house or a two-level duplex is powered.

Programs for the design of electrical wiring in an apartment

In the absence of drawing skills, it is allowed to use special services.

Visio

Graphic program with a simple interface. It is convenient for beginners to work in. Access is free, the service is Russified, but very few functions.

Compass

Professional software with designations and names of all nodes of the power supply network. The user works for free. There is a Russian-language version, the option is understandable to a specialist, but difficult for a beginner.

Eagle

Graphic editor for drawing drawings of wiring and printed circuit boards. The tracing is done manually or automatically. The program has a paid and free version. The latter has fewer options.

1-2-3

Free service with a Russian-language interface. The editor is convenient, and the list of symbols can be printed and pasted on the switchboard.

Autocad

Engineering software with many versions. In free, you can draw the simplest and most complex wiring. The editor is Russified, clear and simple.

Archicad

Software for professional architects building a three-dimensional model of the room. A special “book of layouts” allows you to save your best practices. The Archicad also reflects the changes that need to be made to the project.

Elf

Software with which designers create drawings of any complexity. Elements are selected from the database. The current in the circuit is calculated by the program, it offers a type of machine.

Do it yourself design

The correct wiring diagram is obtained only with skills and professional education. You will need to proceed according to the following algorithm:

1. Make a general drawing, which indicates the layout of the apartment.
2. Transfer to paper all parts of the communication with decryption.
3. According to the designations, draw the location points of the electrical appliances.
4. Indicate the installation areas of sockets, lighting, switches, connecting cables, breaking them into zones.
5. To simplify the task - lay the wiring on the floor or under the cover, marking the lines with a dashed line.
   
6. Calculate the amount of materials.
7. Calculate the current strength by the formula and the cable cross section according to the table.
8. Indicate the length of the wire with a margin of 3 m.
9. Designate the location of the apartment shield for connection (in the hallway).
10. Draw an RCD on 16 and 20 A.
11. Indicate the number of sockets and distribution boxes.
12. Add consumables to the scheme and make a list of them.

If a diagram is drawn up for the wiring of a one-room apartment, where the electric stove is in the kitchen, you need to add an RCD of 32 A.

Examples of schemes for a studio apartment

The total load of the electric network is not more than 25 A, therefore, the current scheme provides for 1 circuit for 1 machine. So connected Khrushchev with power sockets in the Soviet period. At the moment, independent separate circuits with individual RCDs are used.

For a two-room apartment

The electrical circuit of the apartment differs from the previous one in the number of circuits. The two-room type of housing is most often composed:

• sockets - choose according to the number of rooms and divide into groups.
• 3 lines of kitchen - for light sources, powerful and auxiliary household appliances.
• 2 groups in separate bathrooms.

For ACS, a separate network is being laid.

For a three-room apartment

The apartment wiring diagram displays the output of a large number of cables from one switchboard. In a three-room apartment, separate power supply circuits are used with their own protective devices of 25 and 40 A. Thus, the wiring is divided into zones, and the system becomes convenient in operation.

Arrangement of apartment wiring is possible for a beginner who understands the features of electricians. The main condition for the work is the preparation of the most detailed scheme, compliance with regulatory requirements and safety precautions.